The theory of Positivism, developed by August Comte, argues that sense perceptions (see, hear, smell, taste, feel) are the only valid source of knowledge. According to Positivism, it is possible to observe social life and establish valid knowledge about how it works.
Structural Functionalism assumes that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures. It sees society as an ordered system of interrelated structures, like pieces of a puzzle.
Marx believed that capitalism was creating social inequality and class conflict between the bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production and the proletariat, who were the workers. Factories are an example of means of production owned by the bourgeoisie.
Durkheim demonstrated that industrial societies (e.g., modern cities) are held together by organic solidarity, which is a type of social bond based on a division of labor that creates interdependence and individual rights.
Weber was concerned with increasing rationalization due to the development of bureaucracies throughout society. He believed it would lead to an "iron cage" of rationality, in which we begin losing humanity.
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